M9 Service Pistol - United States Marine Corps :: essays research papers

DETAILED OUTLINE M-9 SERVICE PISTOL INTRODUCTION: (2 MIN) 1. GAIN ATTENTION : Video(SAVING PRIVATE RYAN) misfire of an M9. 2. OVERVIEW: The purpose of this period of instruction is to familiarize you with the M9 service pistol, misfire procedures, and what may cause a misfire. This period of instruction is in direct relation to corps">Marine Corps Weaponry. 3. INTRODUCE LEARNING OBJECTIVES: a. TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE: Without the aid of reference, demonstrate the four steps in clearing a misfire and describe some ways a misfire may occur in accordance with MCI 21.35 of the MARINE CORPS INSTITUTE, (INSPECTION AND REPAIR OF THE M9 SERVICE PISTOL). (CPLX1) b. ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Without the aid of notes and in accordance with the reference MCI 21.35: (1) List some ways a misfire may be prevented. (CPLX1.1a) (2) Explain the four steps in attempting to clear a misfire. (CPLX1.1b) 4. METHOD / MEDIA: I will present this material using the lecture method with the aid of placards and an actual M9. 5. EVALUTAION: There will not be a post test after this period of instruction. TRANSITION: Since there are no questions on the learning objectives, the method I will use to present this period of instruction or the way in which you will be evaluated, let’s take a look at prevention of a misfire with the M9 and clearing procedures. BODY: (5 Min) 1. ONE FACTOR WITH THE MAGAZINE THAT MAY CAUSE A STOPPAGE OF AN M9. a. (On Placard #1 – TIGHT LIPS ON THE MAGAZINE CLIP.) If a stoppage occurs do to jamming against the ramp of the clip, it is an indication that the magazine lips are too tight, and prevent the bullet nose from tilting up and chambering in the barrel of the weapon. This can be prevented by inspecting your M9 and it components religiously, and alerting your company armor of any discrepancies. (OFF PLACARD#1) TRANSITION: We now know one factor that may cause a misfire with the magazine clip, what to look for to help prevent one from occurring, and how to resolve any discrepancies with your M9 or any of its components. Now lets take a look at another factor with the magazine that may cause your weapon to perform a stoppage. 2. A SECOND FACTOR WITH THE MAGAZINE THAT MAY CAUSE A STOPAGE WITH AN M9. a. (On Placard #2 – LOOSE MAGAZINE LIPS) . If a double feed occurs,(two rounds chambering at the same time), the problem is with the magazine. The lips are spread to far apart allowing a second round to jump out of the clip as the first is being stripped.

Donne as a Distinctive Poet Essay

One of the most original and controversial poets in the history of English literature, John Donne (1572-1631) is best known for his metaphysical poetry on topics as diverse as the joys of lovemaking and humanity’s subservience to God. John Donne wrote energetic, rigorous but uneven lines characterized by complex, witty conceits—contrasts and paradoxes—startling extended metaphors, and striking imagery juxtaposing the earthly and the divine. Eighteenth-century critic Samuel Johnson noted that in Donne’s work, â€Å"The most heterogeneous ideas are yoked by violence together; nature and art are ransacked for illustrations, comparisons, and allusions. † The Age of John Donne The age of John Donne was an age of transition, standing midway between the age of Shakespeare and the Jacobean age (1572-1631). The age of Donne would effectively and substantially cover the first thirty years of the seventeenth century. This age stands midway between the age of Shakespeare-and the age of Milton. There is, however, some over-lapping which cannot be avoided because literary periods or ages cannot be separated chronologically. It was a period of remarkable literary activity, a sort of prolongation of the Elizabethan age. The revival of learning had influenced not only Italy and Germany but also England. The classics were studied minutely and from a new angle. The re-discovery of the literature and culture of the past-known as humanism-gave the writers a new outlook on life. Life was a gay game and not a sorry penance. The new ideal man was to be a perfect courtier, a perfect soldier, a perfect writer and, above all, a perfect gentleman. For this, he had to undergo comprehensive training and a rigorous discipline. Many changes in the political, social and economic domains were being effected. Colonial expansion and increase in industry and trade made people materialistic. The study of medieval literature developed the minds of the readers. Though education was not so widespread, the common man spared no opportunity of obtaining knowledge from any source. Medieval beliefs held their ground both in John Donne and his contemporaries. The Reformation was a direct challenge to Rome. Why should Pope be supreme in the matters of religion? Religion, after all, is a personal matter and no dictation should be tolerated from-outside. Nationalism in its wider connotation was responsible not only for a new literature, but also a new faith. The abuses and weaknesses of the Catholic religion were laid bare. The new Church of England came into being. Donne, like some of his contemporaries, felt within himself the conflict of faith. His scepticism, his humanism and his learning made him challenge the faith of his ancestors. The result was that after a good deal of heart-searching and vacillation, Donne embraced the Established Church of England by 1598. But it was not until he was ordained in 1615 that he became a confirmed Anglican. The heritage of Queen Elizabeth, who died in 1603, was one of peace and prosperity. It was also one of centralization. Although her monarchy had not been an absolute one, she delegated her authority wisely, and patriotism was loyalty to the Queen. Religion and politics were closely linked. Elizabeth, as the supreme head of the Church of England, maintained religious tolerance as the Puritan and Catholic minorities strengthened. James I, formerly James V of the Scotland, took over the English throne in 1603 at the death of Elizabeth. Though widely hailed at first, Englishmen rapidly became disillusioned with him. James did not understand the people he ruled, nor the nature of his office. He allowed his favourites and the Spanish government to influence him; his failure to recognize the rising power of Parliament, his reversion to rigid views of absolute monarchy, and the luxury and the corruption of his rule, and religious schisms widened and Puritanism and Roman Catholicism became more militant in their fight against the established Church of England. Political strife, intermingled with growing religious dissension, was brought to a head by his insistence on the oneness of Church and state. The conflict between Church and State led men o wonder which was superior, with the answer resting in man’s own conscience. The questioning of civil authority, of where true sovereignty should lie, made it possible to rebel against a king. The growth of the middle class, the rise of political parties, and the estrangement of the Puritans led to a long civil war. Charles I, who began his rule in 1629, following the death of his father, was beheaded in 1649, whereupon a Commonwealth was begun by the Puritans, leading to the eventual military dictatorship of Oliver Cromwell, who, nevertheless, brought some measure of peace and stability to a turbulent England. Yet the idea of a military dictatorship was abhorrent to Englishmen and upon Cromwell’s death in 1660, Parliament invited Charles II, in exile in France, to return to England and resume the rule of the Stuart kings. Life History John Donne was born in 1572 to a prosperous London family. His mother came from one of England’s most distinguished Catholic families. John Donne was the grandson of the dramatist John Heywood, the nephew of Jasper Heywood, who led the Jesuit mission to England in the 1580s, and a great-great-nephew of the Catholic martyr Sir Thomas More. After receiving his early education from the Jesuits, in 1584 Donne began study at Oxford. Oxford would award Donne his degree only if he renounced his Catholic faith, as was standard practice at the university at that time. Defiant, Donne left Oxford and pursued legal studies at the Inns of Court in London, where he was known both for his dandyism and his serious study of legal and religious issues. During this period Donne wrote many epigrams, satires, verse letters, and elegies which were shared among friends in his literary circle but remained unpublished during his lifetime. After completing his law degree in 1596, Donne accompanied the Earl of Essex on two naval expeditions against Spain, writing of his experiences in the poems â€Å"The Storm,† â€Å"The Calm,† and â€Å"The Burnt Ship. † Returning to England in 1597 Donne became secretary to Sir Thomas Egerton. Four years later Donne secretly wed Ann More, Egerton’s sixteen-year-old niece. Enraged, More’s father had Donne imprisoned until 1602. Donne left prison without a professional position, social standing, or much hope of a career. From 1602 to 1615 Donne was able to support Ann and heir growing family—which eventually included ten children—only through the generosity of friends and patrons. His letters from this period chronicle his struggles with depression and illness. Strong religious feelings, mixed with intellectual discontent, deep cynicism, and despair are evident in the Holy Sonnets,which Donne wrote but did not publish at this time. It was also during these years that he wrote his finest love poetry. Donne had been offered a position in the Anglican Church as early as 1607 but did not accept ordination until 1615, when it became clear that King James I would advance him through the Church. He became the King’s chaplain; and the next year he was made divinity reader at Lincoln’s Inn. Ann died in childbirth in 1617. In 1621, a mere six years following his entry into the priesthood, Donne became Dean of St. Paul’s, and his sermons became widely heard and admired. He stated that he was happy in the rejection of â€Å"the mistress of my youth, Poetry† for â€Å"the wife of mine age, Divinity. † Nevertheless, when he was struck with a fever in 1623 and thought he was dying, he wrote â€Å"Hymn to God the Father† and â€Å"Hymn to God My God, in My Sicknesse. † John Donne died in 1631.

The Impact of Social Media on Obamas 2008 Presidential Election Research Papers

Abstract The concern in this argumentative paper is widely been investigated by researchers who want to show how the internet has been used in elections. Facebook and YouTube are the common social networking website tools used by most presidential candidates as a means of communication between voters and constituents, events organization, donation collection, and community fostering. This paper is going to examine the role played by visuals designs and social networks during the campaign period in 2008 where Barack Obama was elected as the president of the United States of America. Political marketing in presidential U.S. campaigns has used the internet widely and proficiently (Scott 11-12). Introduction The democratic U.S. government uses informed discourse as its central of focus as they have posited that the argument and rhetoric knowledge that is informed leads to the rational decision making process practiced by leaders. Social network sites (SNS) will continue to be important in the exercise of deliberate democracy due to the fact that it allows people to vote for those leaders who are ready to work with the people in order to deliver. Virtually all the presidential candidates extensively used the internet as leading technological innovators in information and communication. Obama used the SNS which helped users in the on-going interactions that were two-way which encouraged users to form online coteries that were politically based among them; micro-payments were facilitated in contributions made during the campaigning period; and personalized environments were given support with the aim of engendering a stronger participation and ownership sense. Candidates in competitive race s ensured that they updated their profiles on Facebook, which interestingly did reflect to their share of final vote through their correlated support systems (Scott 11-12). Literature review The journal articles that were used to relay the message of social network use by politicians all gave different views as to how the sites were useful. Most of them are in agreement that they gave power to Obama’s campaigns and in the event enabled him win the presidential elections that were so rigorous and challenging. The risk of using technological factors in their political arena has bore positive results and thus the future generation will use Facebook and YouTube in their campaigns and other public events and occasions that needed to include the entire nation. Many authors were in agreement that Obama successfully employed the tools of social network in a positive and consistent manner that attracted many voters. Methodology In this research, the methodology that worked best was the use of questionnaires especially since the source of information was the members of public. They would give their reasons as to how they saw it best to choose Obama and not McCain and what media facilitated their decision making process. The questionnaires were well answered and received to the point that some of those willing to contribute missed the questionnaires. The insufficient resources forced the researchers to advocate for interviews where individuals would be alone in rooms so as to promote confidentiality of information given. Surveys were also taken from different States, which gave reasonable results. Video recordings were applied in this research since they helped in gathering past data concerning the whole voting process and campaign strategies. The information obtained was useful in compiling literature to be used in future by other people aspiring to follow Obama’s strategies (Thornton 1-2). Body Thornton says that Obama’s grasp for new media power was helpful since it was able to fuel his victory through the social networks. By using Facebook and YouTube during his campaign, he shows the Americans that he is going to be a president for all, and not just for those political supporters on his e-mail list (Thornton 1-2). Use of the new media has been relevant on how politicians conduct themselves around their campaign periods and build communities hence; the use of social networks has been a tool that contributed greatly to Obama’s victory especially since grassroots fundraising were made possible, stemmed from his own experience in the primary post in opposition to Hillary Clinton. They created customized profiles on those sites that were more targeted like AsianAve.com, BlackPlanet.com, and MiGente.com (Abroms et al., 416-418). YouTube.com is known for its ability to exchange video and view them on websites from anywhere in a fashion that is asynchrony. Obama used this media so as to connect with the Americans and gather the potential votes from the public. He spoke to the viewers concerning his reasons of wanting to be their leader and thus intended to persuade the public and win their votes, which he did without much difficulty. This media is unique, new and flexible thus, offers a unique opportunity for political candidates to examine its birth and growth as a new interaction tool that is most ideal for the young people. He was able to invite reactions unreservedly to the contributions made by the general public, which is vital since they are the ones who will determine the leader they want in government (Duman Locher 193-195). His website and campaign posters disseminated independently and reinforced his brand by using his â€Å"progress† and â€Å"hope† as slogans plus â€Å"Yes We Can† and â€Å"Nuestra Voz.† By using the social networks, Obama was voted by majority of the Americans because he elicited the right kind of feelings (Seidman 4-5). Conclusion In essence, Facebook and YouTube contributed greatly to Obama’s win into White House. He was able to reach all the people and did not discriminate of age, gender, and race. Embracing new technologies should be encouraged by all candidates aspiring to be future leaders mostly because they will give focus to all citizens without concentrating on one particular group only. They will also be encouraging communities to interact with each other, which will strengthen their economic ties and hence build a strong nation that accommodates all their needs. Works Cited Abroms, L., Lefebvre, C. Obama’s Wired Campaign: Lessons for Public Health Communication. Journal of Health Communication, Routledge: Taylor Francis Group. 2009 416-418. Duman, S., Locher, M. â€Å"So let’s talk. Let’s start a dialog.† 193-195. Scott, R., Ravi, V., Medina, R. Off the wall political discourse: Facebook use in the 2008 U.S. Presidential election. Information of Polity. Honolulu. 2010 11-12. Seidman, Steven. Barack Obama’s 2008 Campaign for the U.S. Presidency and Visual Design. Journal of Visual Literacy, Vol. 29 (1) 2010 4-5. Thornton, Lee. New Media and The Man. American Journalism Review. 2008 1-2.

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U.s. Constitution And The Constitution - 2218 Words

America was founded by people who possessed a deeply held belief in the idea of a fundamental right to freedom of religion and freedom of speech. These fundamental beliefs were traced back to the traditions of the English Common Law and the English Constitution. After the American Revolution the first amendment took the form of a collection of fundamental rights contained within State Constitutions. In response to a lack of national power and unity the form of U.S. Government was altered. The newly ratified U.S. Constitution created a form of government of with three branches with stronger enumerated powers. While the new structure a Supreme Court it but did not expressly protect personal liberties like freedom of religion or freedom of speech. In order to ease antifederalist fears of federal encroachments on person freedom, the first ten amendments were added to the Constitution know as the the Bill of Rights. This altered the new form of government by providing federal restriction s. However during Reconstruction the addition of the14th amendment altered the form of government by requiring due process and equal protection for all citizens. Consequently the Supreme Court in the 1920’s changed the form of U.S. government through Judicial activism by applying the protections of the Bill of Rights like the first amendment to include prohibition of infringements States laws. This opened the gateway for further Judicial activism to define the scope and limitations of theseShow MoreRelatedU.s. Constitution And The Constitution1756 Words   |  8 PagesThe U.S. Constitution is the document of the principles and system of the United States government. It covers the goals of the new government, the system and purpose of each branch, how the states will work, how to amend the constitution, the supremacy of the national government, and the process of ratification. The U.S. Constitution is the supreme law of America, that must be followed by everyone. The Constitu tion of the United States was established at the 1787 Constitutional Convention and signedRead MoreU.s. Constitution And The Constitution1062 Words   |  5 Pages The U.S. Constitution divides the federal government into three branches, granting specific powers to each, much like â€Å"rock, paper, scissors†, constitutionally no branch of government is considered the strongest. ‘’Federal Legislative Branch– Makes laws (Congress), Federal Executive Branch – Carries out laws (President, Vice President, and Cabinet), and Federal Judicial Branch Evaluates laws (Supreme Court and Other Courts)’’. Each branch can change acts of the other branches, for example: †¢ CongressRead MoreU.s. Constitution And The Constitution1453 Words   |  6 PagesWhen the U.S. constitution was first signed 1776, it established a system of checks and balances, and a distinct separation of powers amongst the three branches of government. But, even with this system of checks and balances in place, it is evident that the 3 branches are not equal, and that congress is significantly more powerful than both the executive and judicial branches of government. Ultimately, the U.S. congress is the strongest branch of government because of its vast amount of enumeratedRead MoreU.s. Constitution And The Constitution1437 Words   |  6 PagesThe U.S. Constitution, as adopted by the Philadelphia Convention on September 17, 1787, sets out three distinct branches of national government and provides powers to each that serve as a check on the others. The branches include the executive branch: the president, the legislative branch: congress and the judicial branch: the Su preme Court. The Constitution is referred to as a living document because it is open to constant change. Additionally, the Constitution is open to constant interpretationRead MoreU.s. Constitution And The Texas Constitution Essay1109 Words   |  5 PagesSeptember 17, 1787, the U.S. constitution was signed. The U.S. constitution is a document that has a set of rules, guidelines, and principles that governs our nation. This constitution is the oldest written national document and has had 27 amendments. The current Texas constitution is the seventh document written for Texas. The previous six were all when Texas was still apart of Mexico. The current constitution hasn’t been revised since 1876, which makes it the longest state constitution in the United StatesRead MoreU.s. Constitution And Texas Constitution Essay895 Words   |  4 PagesBoth the U.S. Constitution and Texas Constitution, demonstrate a parallelism between civil liberties that guarantees personal freedoms that the government cannot deprive from its citizens without due process, in which this case will demonstrate. In 1981, the parents of several school aged children of Mexican Origin filed a suit against Superintendent James Plyler, of Tyler, Texas, regarding immigration status. The Plyler v. Doe (457 U.S. 202 (1982)) case decision could not have happened prior toRead MoreU.S. Constitution vs. Jamaican Constitution1444 Words   |  6 PagesUpon initial consideration, one would presume that the United States Constitution and the Constitution of Jamaica would not be similar at all. After all, the United States Constitution was ratified in 1787, whereas the Jamaican Constitution was not ratified until 1962, the year Jamaica gained its independence. At first glance, Jamaicas constitution appears to be most similar to that of England, because they both establish a parliament and share the same chief of state (Queen Elizabeth II). TheseRead MoreTexas Constitution Vs. U.s. Constitution956 Words   |  4 PagesThese topics include the State Constitution and the legislature. The Texas Constitution and the U.S. Constitution is very similar to each other in terms of structure. Both documents provide framework, and the amendments come from the will of the people. The Texas Constitution was written to govern the the individual state alone so it should be more specific and less flexible to change. On the other hand, the U.S Constitution is more flexible than the Texas Constitution because of the fact that itRead MoreTexas Constitution Vs. U.s. Constitution Essay1362 Words   |  6 PagesAs far as the Texas Constitution in comparison to the U.S. Constitution, they are much different. There has always been much talk about how the Texas Constitution is very long and poorly put together. I believe Texas and the people in it have tried to keep Texas very traditional and old school as possible. In my opinion, they have continued to add things to the Constitution to keep away from progressivism and to not allow the U.S. government to dictate what they will and wil l not do. There is alwaysRead MoreU.s. Constitution Vs. Georgia Constitution859 Words   |  4 PagesU.S. Constitution vs. Georgia Constitution Bill of Rights A Bill of Rights recognizes and lists the rights individuals have and protects those rights from governmental interference, unless of course there is a valid reason for government action to take place. While the Bill of Rights for the Georgia Constitution and the United States Constitution do just that, they do have some distinctive similarities and differences. For example, the major difference I see is the fact that the Georgia Bill of

Frozen Shoulder and Ageing free essay sample

Ageing is a complex biological process. It has been defined as a â€Å"biological process of growing older in a deleterious sense, what some authors call senescence.† It consists of â€Å"changes that render human beings progressively more likely to die.† (Magalhà ¡es). Ageing has many effects all over the world, the foremost of which concerns demographics. Older people forms a large bulk of world population, and most of them live in less developed countries. Two thirds of the population of older people lives in the developing world. (World Health Organization). According to statistics from the World Health Organization, 600 million people are aged 60 and over in the year 2000 alone, and it is projected that such number would blow up to about 2 billion by the year 2050. (World Health Organization). The biggest problem besetting the older population is the scientific and biological fact that they are more prone to contracting diseases and they recover less easily, due to their weakening bodily resistance. We will write a custom essay sample on Frozen Shoulder and Ageing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This leads to their dependence on other people around them. Studies show that older people live a more sedentary lifestyle due to the development of many labor-saving technology. Thus, in Australia, it is estimated that â€Å"one-third of all Australian adults at risk of major health problems due to physical inactivity.† On the other hand there is no dispute that increased physical activity provides many health benefits, the foremost of which is the increased potential of older people to recover from any illness or injury. (Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing). In this connection, it is worth noting that active ageing has been gaining popularity, as the â€Å"process of optimizing opportunities for health, participation and security in order to embrace quality of life as people age.† Active ageing comprises of many facets of health designed towards increasing the quality of life of older people and making them more independent. (Active Ageing). One of the many injuries that can trouble older people is frozen shoulder or adhesive capsulitis. It is defined as a â€Å"shoulder joint with significant loss of its range of motion in all directions.† Such limitation or loss in the range of motion can be observed both when the patient attempts motion and when a doctor tries to move the joint fully while treating the patient. (Shiel Jr.). Frozen shoulder is caused by â€Å"inflammation, scarring, thickening and shrinkage of the capsule that surrounds the normal shoulder joint.† This means that frozen shoulder could arise from any injury to the shoulder, such as tendonitis. While the most common victims of this condition are those with diabetes or chronic inflammatory arthritis of the shoulder, older people may be prone to the disease because of their tendency to be physically inactive. (Shiel Jr.). References Active Ageing. Retrieved January 11, 2007, from    http://www.euro.who.int/eprise/main/WHO/Progs/HEA/Home/ American Academy of Family Physicians. (1999). Retrieved January 10, 2007, from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.aafp.org/afp/990401ap/990401c.html American Geriatrics Society. Physical Activity. Aging in the Know. Retrieved January 11, 2007,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.healthinaging.org/agingintheknow/chapters_ch_trial.asp?ch=11#reducing Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing. Physical Activity and Health:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Evidence and Research. Retrieved January 11, 2007, from     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.health.gov.au/internet/wcms/publishing.nsf/Content/health-pubhlth-strateg-   active-evidence.htm Changes in Musculature. Retrieved January 11, 2007, from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.aginginplace.org/traits/physiology/muscle.html Magalhà ¡es, J.P. What is Aging? Retrieved January 10, 2007, from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.senescence.info/definitions.html Shiel Jr., W.C. Frozen Shoulder (Adhesive Capsulitis). Frozen Shoulder Center.   Retrieved   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   January 10, 2007, from http://www.medicinenet.com/frozen_shoulder/article.htm Skelton, D. (2006). Staying Active Helping Older People Maintain their Mobility. Update on   Ã‚   Ageing. Retrieved January 10, 2007, from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.laterlifetraining.co.uk/documents/Stayingactive.pdf Speer, K.P. (2005). Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation for Active Older Adults. World Health Organization. The world is fast ageing have we noticed? Retrieved January 11,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2007, from http://www.who.int/ageing/en/

Traumatic Stress Disorder Essays - Psychiatry, Behavioural Sciences

Traumatic Stress Disorder After experiencing a traumatic event, the mind has been known to horde away the details and memories and then send them back at unexpected times and places, sometimes after years have passed. It does so in a haunting way that makes the recall just as disturbing as the original event. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder is the name for the acquired mental condition that follows a psychologically distressing event "outside the range of usual human experience" (Bernstein, et al). There are five diagnostic criteria for this disorder and there are no cures for this affliction, only therapies which lessen the burden of the symptoms. The root of the disorder is a traumatic event which implants itself so firmly in the mind that the person may be shackled by the pain and distress of the event indeinately, experiencing it again and again as the mind stays connected with the past rather than the present, making it difficult to think of the future. The research on this topic is all rather recent as the disorder was only added to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III) in the last twenty years. Yet, the disorder is quite common, threatening to control and damage the lives of approximately eight percent of the American population [5% of men and 10% of women]. Any person is a potential candidate for developing PTSD if subject to enough stress. There is no predictor or determining factor as to who will develop PTSD and who will not. Although all people who suffer from it have experienced a traumatic event, not all people who experience a traumatic event will develop PTSD. Each persons individual capacity for coping with catastrophic events determines their risk of acquiring PTSD. And not everyone will experience the same symptoms; some may suffer only a few mild symptoms for a short period of time, others may be completely absorbed, still others who experience great trauma may never develop any symptoms at all (Friedman). More than any other psychological problem, symptoms are a reaction to an overwhelming external event, or series of events. From a historical perspective, the concept of PTSD made a significant change in the usual stipulation that the cause of a disorder could be outside of the self, rather than some inherent individual weakness (Friedman). There are many situations that may lead to developing PTSD, including: "serious threats to one's life or well being, or to children, spouse or close friends/relatives; sudden destruction of home or community; and witnessing the accidental or violent death or injury of another" (Bernstein, et al). Characteristic symptoms include re-experiencing the event, avoidance of stimuli associated with the event or numbing of general responsiveness, increased arousal not present before the event, and duration of the disturbance for at least one month (Johnson). When a bomb exploded the Oklahoma Federal building in 1996, hundreds of lives were affected. Not only are the people who were in the explosion in danger of re-experiencing it over and over, but so are the people who witnessed the aftermath, from bystanders to the rescue workers on scene. The surviving employees not only were physically injured in the blast, but saw the deaths of their coworkers and children. Surviving a horrific trauma that many others did not is enough to cause serious emotional harm. For the rescue workers who arrived, many of them saw death and people who they could not help; feeling helpless and guilty may manifest into intrusive recollection and nightmares. To explain further, the first criteria is that the person was at one time exposed to a traumatic event involving actual or threatened death or injury, where the response was marked by intense fear, horror or helplessness (Pfefferbaum). This event may have taken place only weeks ago, or as far back in memory as forty years. The disorder is most commonly found among survivors of war, abuse and rape. It also occurs after assorted crime and car accidents, as well as after community disasters such as hurricanes and floods. Workers of rescue missions are subjected to situations of severe stress frequently. Many emergency response workers (police, nurses, and medics) may become overwhelmed by the trauma they see so many people go through and end up with intrusive recollections themselves. Secondly, the trauma is re-experienced in the form of nightmares, flashbacks, intrusive memories and/or unrest in situations that are similar to the traumatic experience by an associated stimuli (Pfefferbaum). Auditory or visual stimuli can evoke panic, terror, dread, grief or despair. Commonly, in the case of war veterans, the patient may